Explore our extensive portfolio of high-quality primary and secondary antibodies.  Our isoform- and modification-specific antibodies are validated for multiple applications including western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. We’ve developed an extensive selection of high-quality secondary antibodies, including products for fluorescent, colorimetric, or chemiluminescent detection. Polyclonal antibodies are typically produced by inoculation of a suitable mammal, such as a mouse, rabbit or goat. Larger mammals are often preferred as the amount of serum that can be collected is greater. An antigen is injected into the mammal. This induces the B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. This polyclonal IgG is purified from the mammal’s serum. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by antigen injection into the host animal to initiate a humoral immune response. In most procedures, spleen cells from these hosts are fused in vitro with cultured malignant myeloma cells. The cell clones that survive the fusion step are known as hydridomas.   Hybridomas are immortal because of their myeloma characteristics and they are easily propagated in culture.

Because of their B cell properties, some hybridoma clones continue to synthesize and secrete a single, genetically homogeneous type of antibody, the monoclonal antibody. Monoclonals are therefore homologous to natural immunoglobulins from the injected animal, but they can be produced by hybridomas in vitro.

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